The value orientation of Activity centers on the focus of personal actions and choices. Within this framework, individuals navigate their lives based on distinct orientations: Being, where spontaneous expression takes precedence; Being-in-becoming, emphasizing self-development; and Doing, prioritizing goals and accomplishments. Being values spontaneity and living in the moment, Being-in-becoming values personal growth and evolution, while Doing values setting and achieving goals.

Being: Spontaneous Expression

In the context of the Activity value orientation, Being emphasizes spontaneous expression as the primary focus of personal actions. Individuals who align with this value choice prioritize living in the moment and allowing their actions to flow naturally, without rigid plans or goals. Being values the authentic and immediate expression of oneself. In popular culture, the concept of Being is often associated with a carefree and spontaneous lifestyle. Characters in movies or literature who live in the present, follow their instincts, and resist conformity may embody this value choice. The "free spirit" archetype is a common portrayal, where individuals prioritize authentic self-expression over structured goals. Secular, spiritual, and religious groups may interpret Being differently. Secular perspectives may view it as a celebration of individual freedom and authenticity. Some spiritual groups may incorporate Being into mindfulness practices, emphasizing the importance of being present. In contrast, certain religious traditions might see an emphasis on spontaneity as conflicting with disciplined or structured approaches to life.

Being-in-becoming: Self-development

Being-in-becoming, within the Activity value orientation, places a strong emphasis on self-development as the focal point of personal actions. Individuals who resonate with this value choice prioritize continuous growth, learning, and evolution. The emphasis is on becoming the best version of oneself through intentional personal development. In popular culture, the concept of Being-in-becoming is often associated with the pursuit of self-improvement. Characters in stories or real-life figures who embark on journeys of personal growth, education, and skill development embody this value choice. The narrative of a hero's journey often aligns with the principles of Being-in-becoming. Secular perspectives may see Being-in-becoming as a rational approach to life, focusing on continuous improvement. Many spiritual practices also incorporate elements of self-development as part of the journey towards enlightenment. In religious contexts, this value choice might align with the idea of spiritual transformation or sanctification, depending on the specific beliefs of the group.

Doing: Goals and Accomplishments

Doing, as a value choice within the Activity orientation, centers on the prioritization of goals and accomplishments in personal actions. Individuals who adhere to this value focus on setting clear objectives, working towards achievements, and finding fulfillment in the pursuit of specific outcomes. In popular culture, the emphasis on Doing is often associated with characters who are ambitious, driven, and goal-oriented. The narrative of achieving success, overcoming challenges, and realizing one's ambitions resonates with this value choice. The archetype of the hardworking achiever is a common portrayal. Secular groups may view Doing as a pragmatic and results-oriented approach to life. In spiritual contexts, the pursuit of goals may be aligned with a sense of purpose or divine plan. Certain religious perspectives might integrate Doing with the concept of fulfilling one's God-given purpose or adhering to religious duties and commandments.

Axiology, addressing the nature of humanity, presents three value choices. The belief that human nature is inherently evil suggests a pessimistic view, while the perspective that human nature is mixed acknowledges both positive and negative aspects. Conversely, the notion that human nature is fundamentally good reflects an optimistic outlook, highlighting the inherent positive qualities within individuals.

Human Nature is Evil

In the context of Axiology, the belief that human nature is evil reflects a pessimistic view regarding the inherent qualities of individuals. This perspective suggests that, at their core, humans possess malevolent tendencies, predisposed towards selfishness, cruelty, or morally questionable behavior. In popular culture, the notion of human nature being evil is often explored in dystopian literature, movies, or philosophical discussions. Characters who succumb to dark desires or engage in morally reprehensible actions may embody this belief. The "fallen hero" archetype, where individuals deviate from moral paths, aligns with this understanding. Secular perspectives may interpret the belief in evil human nature as a cautionary acknowledgment of humanity's potential for harm. Some spiritual and religious groups might integrate this view into doctrines of sin or the concept of the fallen nature of humans. Others may reject this idea, emphasizing the potential for redemption and moral growth.

Human Nature is Mixed

The perspective that human nature is mixed acknowledges a balance of positive and negative qualities within individuals. It suggests that humans possess both virtuous and flawed aspects, and their actions can stem from a complex interplay of these inherent dualities. Popular culture often explores the complexity of human nature through characters who grapple with moral dilemmas, reflecting the idea of a mixed human nature. Stories that depict characters with both admirable traits and personal struggles resonate with this understanding. Secular perspectives may embrace the idea of a mixed human nature as a nuanced and realistic portrayal of human behavior. In spiritual and religious contexts, the concept aligns with the acknowledgment of free will and the potential for both sin and virtue. Different religious traditions might emphasize either the fallen nature of humans or their capacity for goodness.

Human Nature is Good

Axiologically, the belief that human nature is fundamentally good presents an optimistic view regarding the inherent qualities of individuals. This perspective suggests that, at their core, humans possess benevolent tendencies, emphasizing kindness, empathy, and a predisposition towards moral behavior. In popular culture, the idea of inherently good human nature is often explored in utopian literature or stories where characters consistently demonstrate altruism and moral integrity. Protagonists who embody ideals of compassion and selflessness align with this understanding. Secular perspectives may see the belief in inherently good human nature as an optimistic outlook on human potential and progress. Spiritual and religious groups might integrate this view into doctrines of divine creation or the inherent goodness of God's creation. Some may caution against excessive optimism, acknowledging the potential for moral failings.

Cosmology explores perspectives on origins, offering three value choices. One perspective asserts that humans and living things remain in the same form since creation, while another suggests that a supreme being guided the evolution process. The third perspective posits that humans and living things evolved over time, aligning with scientific understandings of evolution.

Humans and Living Things are in the Same Form Since Creation

Within the context of Cosmology, this perspective asserts that the forms of humans and living things have remained unchanged since their creation. It often aligns with religious or mythological narratives that describe a static and divine origin for all living beings. In popular culture, this viewpoint is occasionally depicted in creationist narratives, where the idea of the fixity of species is emphasized. Some fictional works may portray worlds where creatures and humans maintain their original forms throughout time, resisting evolutionary changes. Secular perspectives may view this notion critically, as it often conflicts with scientific evidence supporting the theory of evolution. Various religious groups, however, may align with this view, emphasizing the stability of divine creation and rejecting evolutionary theories. Others within religious communities may adopt a more metaphorical interpretation, accommodating scientific understandings.

Supreme Being Guided Evolution Process

This perspective in Cosmology suggests that a supreme being played a guiding role in the process of evolution. It reconciles the idea of divine intervention with the scientific understanding of evolution, allowing for a synthesis of spiritual and scientific viewpoints. Popular culture may explore this viewpoint through narratives where the concept of evolution is not seen as a random or chaotic process but is guided by a higher power. Characters or stories may depict a purposeful evolutionary journey overseen by a benevolent force. Some secular perspectives may find this idea appealing as it bridges the gap between science and spirituality. Within religious and spiritual communities, acceptance of this viewpoint varies. Some may embrace it as a harmonious integration of faith and science, while others may reject it, preferring a more literal interpretation of religious texts regarding creation.

Humans and Living Things Evolved Over Time

A cosmological perspective aligned with scientific understanding, this choice asserts that humans and living things have evolved gradually over time through natural processes without direct divine intervention. In popular culture, the understanding that humans and living things evolved over time is widely accepted due to prevailing scientific discourse. Documentaries, educational programs, and fictional works often incorporate evolutionary concepts without necessarily conflicting with religious or spiritual themes. Secular perspectives generally align with this scientific understanding. While some religious groups fully embrace evolutionary concepts as part of God's plan, others may be in tension with this view, adhering to more literal interpretations of religious texts. The acceptance of evolution varies across the religious spectrum, reflecting a diversity of perspectives within spiritual communities.

This value orientation encompasses diverse beliefs regarding destiny and the afterlife. Individuals may believe in an afterlife without a literal heaven, believe in a literal heaven, a literal hell, nirvana, reincarnation, the supernatural power of ancestors, or trust that science has the power to reveal aspects of the afterlife.

Believe in Afterlife but Not Literal Heaven

In the context of the Destiny value orientation, this perspective holds that there is an afterlife, a continuation of existence beyond physical death, but it does not necessarily involve a literal interpretation of heaven. It implies a belief in some form of spiritual continuation without specific heavenly realms. This belief is often portrayed in literature and films where characters face the uncertainty of what comes after death. It may involve themes of spiritual journeys or encounters with the afterlife that don't conform to traditional heavenly depictions. Secular individuals might entertain the idea of an afterlife as a form of spiritual continuation without adhering to religious concepts of heaven. In various spiritual and religious groups, this belief aligns with traditions that emphasize the soul's journey without necessarily subscribing to a specific heavenly destination.

Believe in Literal Heaven

This perspective within the Destiny orientation asserts a belief in a literal, often paradisiacal, afterlife known as heaven. It reflects a positive destination for individuals who meet certain criteria or fulfill specific conditions in their earthly lives. Literal heaven is a prevalent concept in religious teachings and popular culture alike. Depictions of an idyllic afterlife with pearly gates, angels, and eternal bliss are commonly found in literature, art, and media. This belief is a cornerstone in many religious traditions, such as Christianity and Islam, where adherence to specific doctrines determines access to heaven. Secular perspectives may vary, with some individuals appreciating the symbolism of heaven without taking it literally, while others may dismiss it entirely.

Believe in Literal Hell

In the context of the Destiny value orientation, this choice involves a belief in a literal hell—a realm of punishment or suffering for those who have transgressed certain moral or religious standards during their earthly lives. Literal hell is a recurring theme in religious teachings and is often depicted in literature and media as a place of eternal torment. It serves as a moral deterrent and features prominently in stories exploring the consequences of one's actions. This belief is integral to certain religious traditions, such as Christianity and Islam, where concepts of heaven and hell provide a framework for moral conduct. Secular perspectives may view this as a metaphorical expression of consequences or reject it entirely.

Believe in Nirvana

This perspective in the Destiny value orientation reflects a belief in Nirvana, a state of transcendent liberation from suffering and the cycle of rebirth. It is often associated with Eastern philosophical and religious traditions, particularly Buddhism. In popular culture, Nirvana is sometimes depicted as an enlightened state achieved through spiritual practices, meditation, and the cessation of desire. It is portrayed as the ultimate goal of spiritual seekers. This belief aligns closely with Buddhist teachings, where Nirvana represents the end of suffering and liberation from the cycle of rebirth. While some secular individuals may appreciate the concept as a metaphor for inner peace, it is less emphasized in certain religious traditions outside of Buddhism.

Believe in Reincarnation

This Destiny value choice involves the belief in the cycle of rebirth, where individuals experience multiple lives in different forms. It is commonly associated with various Eastern religions, such as Hinduism and certain schools of Buddhism. Reincarnation is a recurring theme in literature and movies, where characters are depicted as experiencing multiple lives with the opportunity for personal growth and spiritual evolution across different lifetimes. Reincarnation is a foundational concept in Hinduism and certain Buddhist traditions, where the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth is tied to karma. In secular contexts, individuals may appreciate the symbolism of cyclical existence without adopting a literal belief in reincarnation.

Believe in the Supernatural Power of Ancestors

This perspective involves a belief in the supernatural influence or power of ancestors in the afterlife. It often includes rituals or practices aimed at honoring and seeking guidance from deceased family members. Cultural depictions of ancestral spirits influencing the living or providing protection are found in various traditions and folklore. Movies and literature may explore themes of ancestral guidance or intervention. Cultural and religious practices that venerate ancestors are prevalent in various societies, with beliefs ranging from direct supernatural intervention to symbolic remembrance. Some secular individuals may appreciate the cultural significance without attributing supernatural power to ancestors.

Believe Science has the Power to Reveal Afterlife

This perspective within the Destiny value orientation asserts a belief that scientific advancements have the potential to reveal aspects of the afterlife. It implies a reliance on empirical methods to explore the mysteries of existence beyond death. In popular culture, this belief may be portrayed in speculative fiction or scientific-themed narratives exploring the intersection of technology and spirituality. Characters may seek answers about the afterlife through scientific means. Secular individuals often align with this perspective, viewing scientific inquiry as a valid means of exploring unknown phenomena, including aspects of the afterlife. Some religious and spiritual groups may integrate scientific insights into their broader cosmologies, while others may see a potential conflict between scientific and spiritual worldviews.

Concerning the environment, individuals align with one of three value choices. Those who believe humans are subordinate to nature emphasize ecological humility. Others, who advocate living in harmony with nature, promote a balanced coexistence. Alternatively, those who perceive humans as dominant over nature emphasize a more utilitarian approach to the environment.

Humans are Subordinate to Nature

In the context of the Environmental value orientation, this choice posits that humans are subservient to nature, emphasizing ecological humility. It suggests recognizing the intrinsic value of the natural world and acknowledging the importance of living in harmony with it. This perspective is often depicted in environmentalist movements and documentaries that advocate for sustainable living and conservation. Characters in literature and film who prioritize environmental stewardship may embody this value choice. Secular environmentalists and certain spiritual or religious groups, such as those embracing Earth-centered or indigenous beliefs, often resonate with the idea of humans being subordinate to nature. The understanding can vary, with some emphasizing ecological responsibility as an ethical duty, while others may see it as a spiritual imperative.

Humans Should Live in Harmony with Nature

This value choice asserts that humans should strive for a balanced coexistence with nature. It suggests a mutual relationship where humans respect and preserve the environment while meeting their needs. Living in harmony with nature is a recurring theme in eco-friendly practices, sustainable architecture, and permaculture movements. Popular culture often portrays characters who adopt a lifestyle in tune with the natural world. This perspective finds resonance among environmentalists, proponents of sustainable development, and certain spiritual or religious groups with eco-centric beliefs. Different interpretations may include ecological practices rooted in ethical considerations, cultural traditions, or spiritual connections to the environment.

Humans are Dominant Over Nature

In this value choice, individuals perceive humans as having dominance over nature, often endorsing a utilitarian approach that emphasizes resource utilization for human benefit. This perspective is sometimes reflected in narratives that prioritize human technological advancement and economic development, portraying nature as a resource to be harnessed for progress. Certain secular ideologies, industrial societies, and some religious perspectives may align with the belief that humans are dominant over nature. This can lead to diverse attitudes, from an emphasis on technological innovation for human welfare to potential conflicts with environmentalist views that stress the importance of ecological balance and preservation.

Epistemology explores the sources of knowledge, presenting five value choices. These include community knowledge, scientific knowledge, sacred scriptures, personal experience, and a comprehensive approach that integrates sacred writings, tradition, reason, and personal experience.

Community Knowledge

In the realm of Epistemology, Community Knowledge posits that knowledge is derived from the collective wisdom and shared experiences of communities. This perspective values the insights gained through communal traditions, practices, and shared narratives. Depictions of small communities or cultural groups passing down oral traditions, folk wisdom, and cultural practices often align with the concept of community knowledge. This is seen in cultural representations that emphasize the importance of shared wisdom. Indigenous cultures, close-knit communities, and certain spiritual or religious traditions may emphasize the significance of community knowledge. The understanding can range from a reliance on oral traditions to the preservation of cultural heritage through storytelling and communal rituals.

Scientific Knowledge

This value choice asserts that knowledge is primarily derived from scientific inquiry, empirical evidence, and the systematic study of the natural world. It places a high value on the scientific method as a reliable source of understanding. Scientific knowledge is often celebrated in popular culture through depictions of scientists, documentaries, and educational programs that highlight the importance of evidence-based inquiry and the pursuit of objective truths. Secular communities, educational institutions, and individuals with a strong emphasis on rational inquiry may prioritize scientific knowledge. It is often viewed as a universal and reliable source, although debates may arise regarding the interpretation and application of scientific findings in different contexts.

Sacred Scriptures

This value choice posits that knowledge is derived from sacred texts and religious scriptures. It emphasizes the significance of divine revelation and the teachings contained within sacred writings. Depictions of religious ceremonies, rituals, and individuals turning to holy texts for guidance reflect the influence of sacred scriptures in popular culture. Characters seeking wisdom from ancient texts often embody this value choice. Religious traditions such as Christianity, Islam, Judaism, and others often prioritize sacred scriptures as a central source of knowledge. Interpretations may vary, ranging from literal readings to more symbolic or allegorical approaches, depending on religious denominations and sects.

Personal Experience

In this value choice, knowledge is believed to be primarily gained through personal experiences, intuition, and subjective insights. It emphasizes the value of individual perspectives and internal understanding. The idea that personal experience is a valid source of knowledge is frequently portrayed in stories of personal growth, self-discovery, and individual journeys. Characters trusting their instincts and inner guidance embody this perspective. Certain spiritual and philosophical traditions, as well as secular humanism, may prioritize personal experience as a valuable source of knowledge. This can range from mindfulness practices that emphasize inner awareness to existentialist philosophies valuing individual subjective experiences.

Sacred Writings Plus Tradition, Reason, and Personal Experience

This comprehensive approach integrates multiple sources of knowledge, combining sacred writings, tradition, reason, and personal experience. It suggests that a holistic understanding emerges from a synthesis of diverse perspectives. Narratives that showcase characters drawing wisdom from a combination of sources, including tradition, reason, and personal experiences, align with this holistic approach. It is often seen in stories that celebrate diverse forms of knowledge. Some religious and spiritual traditions, especially those embracing a more inclusive and eclectic approach, may value this comprehensive perspective. It acknowledges the interconnectedness of different sources of wisdom and fosters a more nuanced understanding that incorporates various aspects of human experience.

Morality is explored through different value choices, including philosophy and reason, religious teaching, traditions, reasoning, and experience, practical experience and common sense, and scientific information. These perspectives reflect diverse foundations for determining virtuous conduct.

Morality Based on Philosophy and Reason

This value choice asserts that morality finds its foundation in philosophical principles and rational reasoning. It emphasizes the role of logical thinking and ethical theories in guiding virtuous conduct. Characters in literature, film, and television who make moral decisions based on philosophical principles or logical reasoning exemplify this value choice. The notion of moral dilemmas resolved through careful thought often aligns with this perspective. Secular humanists, ethical philosophers, and individuals with a philosophical outlook may prioritize reasoning as the primary source of moral guidance. This approach can lead to diverse ethical frameworks based on different philosophical traditions.

Morality Based on Religious Teaching, Traditions, Reasoning, and Experience

This value choice integrates religious teachings, cultural traditions, logical reasoning, and personal experiences as sources for determining virtuous conduct. It emphasizes a holistic approach to moral decision-making. Depictions of characters consulting religious scriptures, seeking guidance from cultural traditions, and reflecting on personal experiences to make moral choices resonate with this value choice. Stories that explore the interplay of multiple moral influences align with this perspective. Many religious communities, including Christianity, Islam, and Judaism, often rely on a combination of religious teachings, cultural traditions, and personal reasoning to shape moral conduct. The interpretation of these elements may vary among different denominations and religious sects.

Morality Based on Practical Experience and Common Sense

This value choice posits that morality is grounded in practical experience and common sense. It emphasizes an intuitive and pragmatic approach to ethical decision-making. Characters in stories who navigate moral challenges by relying on practical experience and common sense embody this value choice. Situations where individuals make decisions based on straightforward, commonsensical reasoning align with this perspective. Secular and pragmatic individuals may prioritize practical experience and common sense as essential guides for moral conduct. This approach often resonates with a down-to-earth, real-world perspective on ethical decision-making.

Morality Based on Scientific Information

This value choice asserts that morality can be informed by scientific knowledge and empirical data. It emphasizes the application of scientific principles to ethical considerations. Stories that explore the ethical implications of scientific advancements or characters who approach moral questions through a scientific lens align with this value choice. Representations of individuals relying on evidence-based reasoning in moral decision-making reflect this perspective. Secular humanists, skeptics, and individuals with a scientific worldview may consider scientific information as a crucial aspect of moral reasoning. This perspective often emphasizes empirical evidence and critical analysis in addressing ethical issues.

Ontology delves into the nature of being, offering four value choices. These include the belief in a personal God, an impersonal God, the control of the universe by non-human power, and atheism, where there is no belief in a higher power.

God is a Personal Being

This value choice asserts the belief that God is a personal being with consciousness, intentionality, and attributes that can be understood in relational terms. Characters in literature, film, and art who depict a personal and relational deity, often interacting with individuals or influencing events, embody this value choice. Personal prayers, conversations, and a sense of divine presence align with this perspective. Many religious traditions, including Christianity, Judaism, and Islam, embrace the concept of a personal God who engages in a relationship with believers. The nature and characteristics attributed to this personal God may vary across different theological perspectives.

God is an Impersonal Being

This value choice posits that God is an impersonal and transcendent force without personal attributes. The focus is on the cosmic, abstract, or ineffable nature of divinity. Representations of a distant, cosmic force that influences the universe without direct personal engagement often align with this value choice. Concepts of divine energy, universal consciousness, or cosmic order resonate with this perspective. Certain Eastern philosophical traditions, such as aspects of Hinduism or Buddhism, propose an impersonal or transcendent concept of the divine. Within Western philosophical and mystical traditions, some perspectives also emphasize an impersonal understanding of the ultimate reality.

Universe is Controlled by Non-Human Power

This value choice suggests the belief that the universe is governed by non-human forces or powers that are not necessarily anthropomorphized. It may include spiritual or cosmic energies. Narratives featuring mystical or magical forces that shape the destiny of characters, beyond traditional notions of gods, may align with this value choice. Representations of cosmic energies influencing events reflect this perspective. Spiritual and esoteric traditions often explore the idea that non-human powers or energies influence the course of events in the universe. This perspective can be found in various forms within New Age spirituality, certain indigenous beliefs, and alternative spiritual practices.

No God or Higher Power, and We Can't Know

This value choice reflects atheism, asserting the absence of belief in a personal or impersonal God or higher power. It also acknowledges the limitations of human knowledge in definitively addressing the question of divine existence. Characters in literature or film who identify as atheists or agnostics, exploring the existential question without a definitive answer, embody this value choice. Skepticism and a focus on empirical evidence often align with this perspective. Atheists and agnostics, as well as certain secular humanists, align with this perspective by rejecting the existence of a personal or impersonal God. Various philosophical, scientific, and rationalist communities may share this perspective, emphasizing empirical inquiry and critical thinking.

Praxiology, focusing on human conduct, provides four value choices. Human conduct can be based on nature and hard work, nurture and help from others, fatalism, or transformation through personal belief change.

Based on Nature and Hard Work

This value choice suggests that human conduct is primarily influenced by inherent qualities and individual effort. It emphasizes the role of innate characteristics and personal striving in shaping behavior. Characters in stories who overcome challenges through their inherent strengths and hard work embody this perspective. The narrative of the self-made individual who achieves success through determination and effort aligns with this value choice. Secular and self-help communities may emphasize personal responsibility and the capacity for change through individual effort. Certain religious perspectives also align with this, seeing human agency as a crucial factor in moral development.

Based on Nurture and Help from Others

This value choice posits that human conduct is significantly shaped by external influences, environmental factors, and the support provided by others. It emphasizes the impact of social and environmental conditions on behavior. Stories portraying characters whose behavior is positively influenced by supportive environments, mentorship, or communal assistance resonate with this perspective. Narratives of redemption through external help align with this value choice. Social justice movements, certain psychological perspectives, and community-focused religious teachings may emphasize the importance of external factors in shaping behavior. The belief in the transformative power of supportive communities aligns with this value choice.

Based on Fatalism Because People Can't Change

This value choice suggests a fatalistic view, asserting that human behavior is predetermined or unalterable. It emphasizes a sense of inevitability and resignation regarding personal change. Characters in narratives who face insurmountable challenges or tragic outcomes due to an unchangeable fate embody this perspective. Stories of inescapable destinies or predetermined paths align with this value choice. Some deterministic philosophies, fatalistic religious perspectives, or cultural traditions that emphasize predestined outcomes may align with this view. However, fatalism can be controversial, with varying interpretations even within religious and secular communities.

Based on Transformation - Personal Belief Change

This value choice asserts that human conduct is subject to transformation through personal belief change. It emphasizes the capacity for individuals to undergo significant shifts in behavior through changes in their beliefs and perspectives. Stories featuring characters who undergo profound personal transformations, often driven by shifts in their beliefs or values, resonate with this perspective. Narratives of redemption, self-discovery, and personal growth align with this value choice. Certain spiritual and religious traditions emphasize the transformative power of faith and personal belief. Self-help movements and therapeutic approaches may also align with this value choice, emphasizing the potential for positive change through shifts in mindset and worldview.

Social relations are examined through three value choices: hierarchical, collateral, and individualistic. These choices reflect different perspectives on the structure and nature of social relationships.

Social Relations are Hierarchical

This value choice suggests a view of social relations characterized by hierarchy, where individuals hold distinct ranks or statuses. It emphasizes structured and often unequal relationships within a society. Narratives portraying societies with clear hierarchies, such as monarchies, caste systems, or rigid class structures, align with this perspective. Stories depicting struggles against oppressive social orders resonate with this value choice. Some traditional and conservative religious and cultural perspectives may endorse hierarchical social structures. Certain authoritarian political ideologies might also align with this view. However, criticisms of inequality and advocacy for social justice often challenge hierarchical social relations.

Social Relations are Collateral

This value choice suggests a view of social relations characterized by collaboration and mutual support. It emphasizes horizontal relationships where individuals interact as equals rather than adhering to a hierarchical structure. Stories highlighting the power of teamwork, cooperation, and collective efforts in achieving common goals resonate with this perspective. Narratives of communities coming together for shared objectives align with this value choice. Many secular and progressive perspectives advocate for more egalitarian and collaborative social structures. Social movements focused on equality, grassroots activism, and certain communal religious practices may align with this view.

Social Relations are Individualistic

This value choice suggests a view of social relations characterized by individual autonomy and independence. It emphasizes personal freedom and the pursuit of individual goals over collective interests. Narratives celebrating individual achievement, self-reliance, and the pursuit of personal aspirations resonate with this perspective. Stories of protagonists forging their paths independently align with this value choice. Certain secular and libertarian ideologies may emphasize the importance of individual freedom in social relations. Some Western cultural norms also prioritize individual autonomy. However, critiques of excessive individualism often emerge from communitarian, collectivist, and certain religious perspectives that value communal well-being over individual pursuits.

Teleology explores purpose or design, presenting three value choices. Theistic beliefs assert that human purpose and design come from God, nihilism suggests life is inherently meaningless, and endogenous beliefs propose that human purpose comes from inner understanding.

Theism: Human Purpose and Design Comes from God

Theistic teleology asserts that the purpose and design of human life are derived from a divine source, typically God. It suggests that there is a higher plan or intention for human existence. Many religious narratives portray human life as part of a divine plan, emphasizing a purposeful design by a higher power. The notion of individuals having a predetermined destiny aligned with the will of a deity resonates with this perspective. Theistic perspectives are prominent in many religious traditions, including Christianity, Islam, and Hinduism. These beliefs offer a sense of purpose and direction derived from obedience to divine will. Secular and atheistic viewpoints may reject theistic teleology, asserting that human purpose arises from secular, human-centered sources.

Nihilism Because Life is Meaningless

Nihilistic teleology posits that life inherently lacks meaning, purpose, or design. It suggests a worldview where human existence is devoid of intrinsic significance. Some literary works, films, or philosophical discourses explore themes of nihilism, depicting a bleak and existential outlook where life is perceived as ultimately meaningless. Characters grappling with the absurdity of existence often align with this perspective. Nihilistic perspectives may be embraced by certain existentialist philosophies or individuals who reject traditional religious or spiritual frameworks. However, many religious and spiritual traditions offer alternative narratives that provide a sense of purpose and meaning.

Endogenous: Human Purpose Comes from Inner Understanding

Endogenous teleology suggests that human purpose and design are discovered from within, emphasizing internal processes of reflection, self-discovery, and personal understanding. Narratives celebrating the journey of self-discovery, personal growth, and the pursuit of inner passions align with this perspective. Characters who find purpose through introspection and self-awareness resonate with endogenous teleology. Certain spiritual and philosophical traditions, as well as secular humanism, may emphasize the importance of inner exploration and self-realization in defining one's purpose. This perspective often resonates with beliefs that prioritize personal autonomy and authenticity.

Temporality, the relation to time, offers three value choices: past focus, present focus, and future focus. These choices reflect individual orientations toward time and how individuals perceive and prioritize temporal dimensions in their lives.

Past Focus

Temporal orientation towards the past involves a predominant emphasis on historical events, traditions, and experiences. Individuals with a past focus value and prioritize the lessons, heritage, and cultural continuity that historical perspectives offer. Historical dramas, heritage celebrations, and the preservation of cultural artifacts in popular culture resonate with a past-focused orientation. Nostalgia and the romanticization of bygone eras are common themes in literature, film, and music. Many traditional and conservative religious groups may prioritize the past for guidance, grounding their beliefs and practices in historical traditions. Secular perspectives may also appreciate the value of history for cultural identity, though an emphasis on the past varies widely.

Present Focus

A present-focused temporal orientation centers on the current moment, emphasizing mindfulness, immediate experiences, and the significance of the present. Individuals with a present focus value being fully engaged in the "now." Mindfulness practices, wellness movements, and the emphasis on living in the present moment are prevalent in popular culture. Various self-help books and wellness influencers promote the idea of appreciating and savoring the present. Some spiritual traditions, particularly those with contemplative practices like Buddhism, emphasize present-moment awareness. Secular individuals seeking a balance between the past and the future may also adopt a present-focused perspective. However, religious groups may differ in their emphasis on the present based on their doctrinal teachings.

Future Focus

A future-focused temporal orientation revolves around planning, anticipation, and goal-setting. Individuals with a future focus prioritize long-term objectives, envisioning and working towards potential outcomes. Educational and career aspirations, financial planning, and the pursuit of personal and professional goals reflect a future-focused orientation in popular culture. Sci-fi narratives and futurist ideologies also appeal to those intrigued by what lies ahead. Many educational and professional settings encourage a future-focused mindset, emphasizing goal-setting and planning for success. Conservative movements within Christianity often focus on eschatological (future-oriented) perspectives of prophecy with an emphasis on futures salvation. While some other religious traditions also promote a focus on the future, they may prioritize the present or draw guidance primarily from the past. Secular perspectives can range from optimistic futurism to a more cautious approach based on skepticism or environmental concerns.